Line Following Robot (2WD) Project

Abstract

The Line Following Robot (2WD) is an autonomous robotic vehicle designed to follow a path or line marked on the ground using sensors. Equipped with two wheels powered independently, this robot uses infrared or optical sensors to detect the line and adjusts its movement accordingly. It is an excellent project for beginners and intermediate learners in robotics and automation.

Objectives

• Build a two-wheel drive robot capable of following a line automatically.

• Utilize infrared sensors to detect and track the path.

• Implement motor control logic to steer the robot accurately.

• Learn fundamentals of sensors, microcontrollers, and motor drivers.

Components Used

• Arduino Uno / Nano / ESP32

• 2 DC Motors with Wheels

• L298N Motor Driver Module

• Infrared (IR) Line Tracking Sensors (2 or 3 sensors)

• Chassis and Battery Pack

• Jumper wires and Breadboard (optional)

Working Principle

The IR sensors continuously scan the surface to detect the contrast between the line (usually black) and the floor (usually white). When the sensors detect the line, they send signals to the microcontroller, which controls the motors to adjust the direction. If the robot veers off the line, the motors correct the path, ensuring the robot stays on track.

Methodology

1. Assemble the 2WD chassis with motors and wheels.

2. Connect the IR sensors to Arduino’s digital input pins.

3. Interface the motors through the L298N motor driver to Arduino output pins.

4. Write code to read sensor input and adjust motor speeds to follow the line.

5. Test on a track with a clear line path and calibrate sensor thresholds.

Applications

• Educational robotics and competitions

• Automated guided vehicles in warehouses

• Prototype for industrial automation

• Foundation for advanced autonomous robots

Future Scope

• Add Bluetooth/Wi-Fi for remote monitoring.

• Incorporate obstacle avoidance sensors.

• Upgrade to multi-line following with more sensors.

• Implement PID control for smoother navigation.

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